Children are exposed to new biological insults as they interact with their environment. Because of this, their bodies quickly learn to respond and adapt to the external world. A healthy immune system is critical to this response, protecting the body from infection and, in some cases, developing a memory that will stay with them throughout adulthood. Gut Microbiome Maintaining a healthy digestive tract is essential for children’s overall and immune health. As they grow, children develop their gut microbiome, a collection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The gut microbiome in both kids and adults affects other areas of the body, including the brain and immune system. Certain dietary compounds can change the composition of the gut microbiome, including prebiotics, which act as food for the bacteria in the gut. 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) is a compound found in breast milk that functions as a prebiotic. It can avoid digestive enzymes, allowing it to reach the lower GI tract. There, it can act as food for bacteria in the gut. However, not just any bacteria can use it for nutrition and energy; a specific group of good bacteria (called Bifidobacteria) are uniquely able to utilize 2’-FL. These bacteria are health-promoting bacteria, and feeding them 2’-FL can help their population flourish while limiting the growth of potentially harmful bacteria through competition for food and resources.1,2 Decreased levels of Bifidobacteria are commonly seen in GI conditions and metabolic diseases.1,3,4  In addition to feeding good bacteria in the gut, 2’-FL can act as a binding decoy, tricking toxins and pathogens into binding to it, which can prevent invasion into the body.1 2’-FL has a similar structure to certain binding sites on cells in the GI tract. Because of this similarity, biological toxins and external bacteria will bind to 2’-FL instead of to cells in the GI tract, which prevents them from launching infections.1 Supporting the gut microbiome is especially important in babies because it is underdeveloped at birth. As babies grow into healthy children, 2’-FL can continue to support health, even into adulthood. After breastfeeding, supplementation with 2’-FL can help promote a healthy gut microbiome composition, support the development of the intestinal immune system, and help improve symptoms of chronic GI conditions.2,3 Micronutrients In addition to dietary compounds like 2’-FL, micronutrients are essential for children’s immune health. The same vitamins and minerals that keep the adult immune system firing on all cylinders also support immune health in kids. Vitamin C stimulates the immune system and mitigates damage that can occur due to an infection, while vitamin D is important for communication among immune cells.5 Zinc is an important mineral for cells that rapidly divide, including those in the immune system.5 It also helps produce antibodies and keeps the skin healthy, a critical first line of defense against potential invaders.5 Medicinal Herbs Medicinal herbs can also support immune health in children and adults. Elderberry is a particularly good option for children’s immune health. It contains high concentrations of compounds only found in plants, including anthocyanins which can be found in red, blue, and purple plants. Anthocyanins work as antioxidants in the body and help support the immune system’s natural response to an infection.6 Children are especially vulnerable to pathogens due to their developing immune systems in a world of new triggers. Providing additional support through vitamins, minerals, herbs, and 2’-FL can enhance the immune response and provide both acute and long-lasting immune support.

Overview of Omega-3’s Omega-3s play an essential role in the body. They help maintain healthy cholesterol levels, have anti-inflammatory properties, offer antiarrhythmic benefits, and provide cardiovascular support.1 In addition, Omega-3s support healthy hair, skin, and nails, and promote cognitive function. Given these benefits, many individuals choose to supplement with Omega-3s to ensure adequate intake, especially when their diet may be lacking. Omega-3 supplements typically contain long-chain fatty acids, such as EPA and DHA, which are harder to obtain from food sources alone. Delivery forms of Omega-3’s Omega-3 supplements can come in two forms: triglycerides (TG) and ethyl esters (EE). Triglycerides deliver fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone, which is how these fatty acids are found in whole foods like fish.2 In fish, triglycerides contain a variety of fatty acids, including omega-6, omega-9, saturated fats, and others. To concentrate the desired EPA and DHA from fish oil, a process called ethylation is used. During ethylation, EPA and DHA are isolated from the triglyceride. The isolated omega-3s can either be re-esterified back into an omega-3-rich triglyceride or remain as an ethyl ester, where the omega-3s are bound to an ethanol backbone. Absorption of Ethyl Esters vs Triglycerides When examining the options of omega-3 supplements, it can be confusing to know which form is best.  Clinical research has shown both the triglyceride and ethyl ester forms incorporate into the cells, which is the intended purpose of omega-3 supplementation.3  Additional studies comparing the two forms have found long-term use of ethyl esters or triglycerides do not differ significantly in their absorption.4 Triglyceride forms tend to be absorbed more rapidly, whereas ethyl esters have around a 24-hour sustained absorption rate, providing longer availability of EPA and DHA.5  Interestingly, triglyceride and ethyl ester forms are both best absorbed when taken with a fatty meal or dietary fat.  This has been shown to enhance the bioavailability of both forms.6,7 Conclusion In summary, naturally occurring fish oil contains multiple types of fatty acids.  Concentrating the beneficial EPA and DHA into re-esterified triglycerides or ethyl esters can provide therapeutic levels of these omega-3s.  Clinical studies do not show a significant difference in their ability to replete or maintain EPA and DHA levels within the body, and either form can be utilized to support bodily systems.

mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin or mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a protein in the body that is critical to cellular metabolism and has gained attention for its role in aging and longevity. mTOR is involved in nutrient sensing, which impacts cellular growth and proliferation, autophagy, mitochondrial function, and cellular senescence.1 History Rapamycin, a natural product isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, a soil bacterium, was discovered in the 1970s and found to exhibit many beneficial effects, including immunosuppressive, anti-cancer, and anti-fungal properties.1 These effects were mediated through the inhibition of a target protein: mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin or mTOR.1 Since its discovery, mTOR has been linked to a variety of processes associated with aging.1 Mechanism of Action In humans, mTOR is encoded by a single gene, but the protein consists of two distinct complexes — mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2).1 They carry out different functions and also have unique sensitivities to rapamycin.1 mTORC1 is activated by extracellular and intracellular stimuli, including amino acids, hormones, growth factors, energetic stress, and oxygen.1 These stimuli lead to the initiation of mTOR-dependent anabolic processes, such as protein and nucleotide synthesis, while inhibiting autophagy. The net result is the stimulation of cellular growth and proliferation.1 mTORC2, on the other hand, is involved in other physiological pathways, including glucose and lipid metabolism, ion transport, and cytoskeleton and cell migration.2 mTOR regulates aging and longevity through its ability to act as a nutrient sensor. It coordinates a variety of nutrient and growth factor signals to coordinate basic cellular responses, including cellular growth, proliferation, and apoptosis.2 mTOR also regulates many hallmarks of aging, including autophagy, mitochondrial function, and cellular senescence.2 However, it is the inhibition of mTOR that helps extend the lifespan and support healthy aging processes. In a variety of pre-clinical studies, inhibition of mTORC1 has been shown to extend the lifespan through several mechanisms.2 Because mTORC1 suppresses autophagy, inhibition of mTORC1 induces autophagy, which can help prevent the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles in the cell, which naturally occurs with age.2 Additionally, senescent cells contribute to aging through the secretion of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant signals.2 mTORC1 drives many of the metabolic changes that occur in senescent cells; therefore, inhibiting mTOR pathways can help prevent metabolic stress, delay cellular senescence, and promote healthier aging.2 mTOR may also exert differential effects in specific tissues, such as the heart, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle.1 Factors that Regulate mTOR While pharmacological inhibitors of mTOR have been used in scientific studies, they can have significant side effects.2 Certain dietary interventions may inhibit mTOR to benefit health while avoiding negative side effects. For example, calorie restriction regulates several pathways that also interact with mTOR signaling pathways. Calorie restriction is a reduction of nutrient intake without malnutrition and is linked to mTOR through its role in nutrient sensing.2 As such, calorie restriction is thought to inhibit the activity of mTOR, although clinical studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.3 Other natural compounds may also directly or indirectly inhibit mTOR and related pathways.4 Curcumin, a compound in turmeric, can disrupt the formation of the mTOR-Raptor complex, an important rheostat that modulates mTORC1 activity.5,6 Other phytonutrients that have been found to inhibit the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway include resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), genistein, and 3,3’-diindolylmethane (DIM), a breakdown product of indole-3-carbinol.7-11 Caffeine may also specifically inhibit mTORC1.12 Many of these compounds provide other health benefits due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective and anti-cancer properties. Together, the independent and synergistic effects may provide significant benefits to cells and organs during the aging process. While thousands of cellular proteins exist throughout the body, mTOR continues to stand out as an important contributor to aging and longevity. Calorie restriction may be able to inhibit mTOR to promote healthy cellular function throughout the lifespan. Also, certain phytochemicals may also exert their beneficial effects through mTOR pathways and independent mechanisms that promote healthy inflammation and oxidative balance.

Sheila Dodson, DVM, CVA, has been a veterinarian over twenty years, and she owns an integrative veterinary practice offering multiple modalities for wholistic pet care. In this episode, Dr. Dodson talks with Jody Griffiths, CVT, about the unique aspects of the veterinary profession that make personnel decisions, work-life balance, and self-care particularly important. >> Audio bookmark: Veterinarians are 3.5 times as likely to die by suicide compared to people in the general population, according to a 2018 study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (00:46) Self-care in the Veterinary Field Veterinarians are not taught during their technical training the concept of “compassion fatigue,” which may make it necessary for veterinarians to be particularly intentional about take care of their own physical and emotional needs so that they can best serve their patients (01:40). Dr. Dodson relates this aspect of being a veterinarian to “letting your battery run down to zero” (02:19). >> Audio bookmark: “I think that the characteristics that make us good veterinarians also set us up for stressors” (01:47) Veterinarians and pet owners both are setting standards for veterinarians that may be too high or inconsiderate of the veterinarian’s mental health (03:05).  Dr. Dodson discusses the importance of a supportive staff that a veterinarian can trust, so it is possible to take time off for self-care without worrying about daily function of the clinic (04:07). Dr. Dodson says it is important to “unplug,” to “recharge the battery,” rest, and ask for help when needed (05:10). Setting communication boundaries is crucial, a key to being a successful veterinarian and an effective support staff (06:52). Building An Effective, Supportive Veterinary Team First, Dr. Dodson says, take the time to find the right person for your team (10:45). Consider emotional intelligence, philosophy matching, and trust (11:34). Include staff members in key decision making and promote open communication about issues and challenges in the workplace (13:19). It’s tough, but let employees go when it’s just not a good fit for the organization (14:30). As a leader, delegation is a significant responsibility (15:40). >> Audio bookmark: “Remember what our job is; our job is to make recommendations to give our pet parents options to give them information to make a decision. It is not our job to make the decision for them, and we have to respect that everybody has different things that can affect a decision” (18:05) Dr. Dodson’s Advice to New Veterinarians (19:18) Be flexible Listen intently Give all you can, not all you have Preserve your core being Never stop learning   The music track featured in the WholisticMatters Podcast Series is a track called “New Day” by Lee Rosevere. Please note: During the recording of this podcast, our hosts transitioned from live studio recording to remote recording from two different locations.

Welcome to the third season of the WholisticMatters Podcast Series, “The Wholistic Approach to Pet Care.” This series guides the listener through the world of nutritional support for pets, the importance of the endocannabinoid system for animals, and the unique components of the veterinary profession. The Wholistic Approach to Pet Care If you are a veterinarian, this podcast will provide insights on how to better support your pet patients and pet parents with the wholistic approach to pet care. Plus, we’ll talk about the unique ups and downs of the veterinary profession that you likely experience every day in your practice. And if you’re not a veterinarian, this podcast still offers a unique perspective on the wholistic approach to caring for that special furry friend in your life! That friend may not have opposable thumbs, but they DO have unique dietary needs that you can fulfill for them. You are your pet’s biggest advocate, and we want to help you both live the fullest lives possible with the right lifestyle choices. Meet the Hosts: Kara Credle is a clinical nutrition communication specialist passionate about bringing accessible health and wellness information to the masses – healthcare professionals and health enthusiasts alike! Kara has a five-year old Chow-Chow mix named Bingley who loves cuddles and shedding. Jody Griffiths, CVT, brings 11 years of mixed animal practice experience to this podcast season as well as 12 years of educating veterinarians and technicians on the benefits of whole food nutrition for animals. Jody has two crazy Labs, a chocolate named Kona and a black named Echo that keep her on her toes and love belly rubs and their tennis balls. Meet the Special Guests: Dr. Sue Howell first started integrating whole food therapies with conventional medicine over 15 years ago. Dr. Howell is passionate about utilizing multiple modalities in a clinical setting, such as acupuncture and food therapy, as well as educating veterinarians about the power of whole foods for their pet patients. Dr. Ann-Margret Morgan has been in the veterinary profession since 1992. Dr. Morgan specializes in canine rehabilitation, complementary therapies, and holistic medicine for animals, including modalities such as veterinary acupuncture, veterinary spinal manipulation, herbal medicine, and nutrition. Dr. Slavko Komarnytsky is an integrative biologist from the NC State Plants for Human Health Institute in Kannapolis, North Carolina. His expertise comes from how dietary bioactive components prevent chronic metabolic diseases and inflammation, with a specific emphasis on the pathological mechanisms of insulin resistance and muscle loss. Dr. Komarnytsky also specializes in the endocannabinoid system and cannabinoid receptors, which is what we discuss with him in episode two. Dr. Sheila Dodson has been a veterinarian since 1999. Dr. Dodson owns her own practice in Kansas City, Kansas, the Mariposa Veterinary Wellness Center. Her vision for animals and pet parents is to provide the BEST in integrated medicine, with a special emphasis on preventative wellness care. Dr. Patrick Mahaney has been a veterinarian since 1999. Dr. Mahaney is an advocate for whole food nutrition and the wholistic approach to veterinary care, which he provides in his unique house call – based California practice. Check Out Other Veterinary Content on WholisticMatters.com: Hemp Usage by Pet Owners Vitamin D and Dogs Part 1: Vitamin D Deficiency in Dogs Vitamin D and Dogs Part 2: Recommendations for Vitamin D Supplementation in Dogs

The Nervous System The nervous system is important for dogs and cats because, like in humans, it “governs the function for the entire body” (03:40). The nervous system needs energy production via the mitochondria in the form of ATP to adequately perform its important roles in communication throughout the body. There is a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and other lipids in cell membranes, which are important for nervous system health (04:59). Cell membranes help the nervous system fulfill its key function of communicating through electrical signals. Because the nervous system has high metabolic activity, its nutritional requirements are also high, including amino acids, B vitamins, and other vitamins and minerals (06:48). Thus, a nutrient-dense diet is important for nervous system health, as well as the gut microbiome, which influences nervous system function (08:25). >>> More on Digestive Health What supplemental nutrition supports healthy mitochondrial function? (13:50) B vitamins PUFAs Antioxidants Vitamin E Vitamin C Resveratrol Green tea extract Bilberry The Cell Danger Response The cell danger response (CDR) occurs in the mitochondria as a healthy metabolic response to any cellular threat with the potential to overwhelm cells in the body (09:34). The CDR can activate the immune system for protection as needed. In cases of chronic CDR – described by Dr. Morgan as the CDR getting “stuck” – internal toxicity or other dysregulation can occur. Nutritional support is key for a functional CDR (12:16). Pet Rehabilitation Rehabilitation is about restoring health to a previous level of function, utilizing multiple modalities as needed to address lack of function or other problems such as reduced range of motion, soft tissue restriction, pain, and inflammation (16:10). Dr. Morgan specializes in various modalities to address these problems in the clinic. She also provides a variety of exercise routines that a pet owner can help their pet complete at home during recovery (18:09). What Are the 4 Main Components of Veterinary CSI? (26:15) Diet Digestion Detoxification Drainage Diet is an important first step toward wholistic pet health because it is important for a wide variety of nutrients to be absorbed into the body to support daily functions (27:27). Dr. Howell’s Three Qualitative Investigative Methods (32:20) Inquiry Observe Palpation Advice for A New Veterinarian (35:40) Educate and communicate with your clients Keep a healthy work-life balance Practice self-care Making Your Practice Unique (39:35) Make your practice a calming place for humans and animals Consider the pet-owner relationship Be practical and compassionate Focus on nutrition Other Relevant Links >>> Dogs as a model for early Alzheimer’s disease Special guests: Ann-Margret Morgan, DVM, CCRT, CVA, VSMT, CVPP Dr. Morgan is a 1992 graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College in Ontario, Canada. She practiced for seven years in the Niagara Peninsula, gaining interest and knowledge in both complementary therapies and holistic medicine. She earned her certification in veterinary spinal manipulation from the American Veterinary Chiropractic Association in 1998 and then went on to receive her certification in veterinary acupuncture from the International Veterinary Acupuncture Society in 1999. After crossing the Canadian border, Dr. Morgan practiced both traditional and holistic medicine for over six years at Silver Spring Animal Wellness Center in Milwaukee, gaining experience with herbs and nutrition to accompany her growing knowledge in complementary therapies. In 2005, she completed training in canine rehabilitation at the Canine Rehabilitation Institute® in Loxahatchee, Florida, and then joined the team at Pewaukee Veterinary Service in 2006 as director of the Wisconsin clinic’s rehabilitation center. She continues to broaden her special interests, which now include pain management and nutritional therapies. Dr. Morgan is a certified canine rehabilitation therapist (CCRT) and is a member of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association and the International Veterinary Academy of Pain Management. Sue Howell, DVM, CVFT, CVA Dr. Sue Howell began integrating whole food therapies with conventional medicine over 15 years ago, a transition that revitalized her passion for veterinary medicine. This experience led her to a position with Standard Process where she had the opportunity to educate other veterinarians about the power of whole foods. Her interest in wholistic medicine has expanded to include certification in Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine acupuncture and food therapy from the Chi Institute, and professional level and advanced clinical training in Nutrition Response Testing from Ulan Nutritional Systems. In December of 1997 she opened Thrive Wholistic Veterinary Care, a practice dedicated to changing lives, one pet at a time, through nutrition, whole food therapy and acupuncture. Please note: During the recording of this podcast, our hosts transitioned from live studio recording to remote recording from two different locations.

This episode featured veterinarian Patrick Mahaney, VMD, CVA, CVJ, who has been practicing since 1999.

This is the trailer for Part II of the third season of the WholisticMatters Podcast Series, “The Wholistic Approach to Pet Care.” Jody Griffiths, CVT, leads conversations with experts in wholistic veterinary care, discussing the role of whole foods in veterinary practice, omega-3 fatty acids for pets, the brain-gut microbiome connection in animals, and healthy years for geriatric dogs.

This is the first episode of the Wholistic Approach to Pet Care: Part II. Dr. Sue Howell joins us to talk about whole foods in a veterinary practice based on her professional experience integrating whole food therapies with conventional medicine.

This is the second episode of the Wholistic Approach to Pet Care: Part II. Dr. Laura Gaylord joins us to talk about omega-3 fatty acids for pets, first describing what makes omega-3 fatty acids “essential” for dogs and cats specifically.